Blood glucose homeostasis is vital for metabolic health. Chronic dysregulation leads to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and diabetes mellitus. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a robust biomarker reflecting long-term glycemic exposure and is strongly associated with metabolic complications. This article outlines the physiological regulation of blood glucose, the biochemical basis of…

1. Gut inflammation and increased intestinal permeability, commonly referred to as Leaky Gut Syndrome, have emerged as central contributors to multiple chronic diseases, including autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndrome, mental health conditions, and hormonal imbalances. Modern science recognizes the gut as a critical immunological and neuroendocrine organ, while traditional systems such…